I have already written about how FediMeteo was born (https://it-notes.dragas.net/2025/02/26/fedimeteo-how-a-tiny-freebsd-vps-became-a-global-weather-service-for-thousands/), and about how HAProxy helps reduce the number of requests that reach snac (https://it-notes.dragas.net/2026/05/18/fedimeteo-haproxy-and-the-art-of-not-wasting-snac-threads/).

Seen from the outside, FediMeteo almost seems still. There is a static homepage, regenerated every hour. There are the city pages, with their forecasts. There are RSS feeds waiting to be fetched, JSON objects waiting to be requested, Fediverse instances refreshing data, subscribing, unsubscribing, retrieving profiles, and reading notes.

That is the visible part.

Behind it, however, FediMeteo (https://fedimeteo.com) is much more than a homepage, a few ActivityPub accounts, and a well-behaved reverse proxy. It is a chain of small pieces, in proper Unix style, each trying to do one thing and do it as well as possible.

That chain, although almost invisible from the outside, was not born already tidy. It changed, was rewritten, adapted to new countries, timezones, ambiguous city names, external service limits, and also to my own mistakes.

Some mistakes were small. Others were much less so.

Because FediMeteo is a human project and, as such, imperfect. Imperfect in the way humans are imperfect, which today almost seems unfashionable. I like that.

The first version of the bot was almost embarrassingly simple, and I was proud of that.

It took a city name as input, asked Nominatim (https://nominatim.org) for the coordinates through geopy, called the Open-Meteo (https://open-meteo.com) API for the current weather and the next several days, and printed a markdown block with current conditions, the forecast for today, the next twelve hours, and the coming days. The text was in Italian. The cities were Italian. The timezone was Europe/Rome. There was nothing to calculate.

Around the script, a small sh wrapper read a list of cities and, for each one, ran the Python program and piped its output into snac note_unlisted. A cron job ran the wrapper every six hours. The output was loose markdown, which snac happily renders, and the integration was: standard output goes into standard input. Nothing fancier than that.

I like this kind of design. It is the part of the Unix philosophy that survives even when fashions change.

When I started adding other European countries, I did not need to change much. I separated the operational logic from the localized strings, moved the strings into one JSON file per country, and spread the cron entries so that not every country posted in the same minute. Each country had its own snac instance, in its own FreeBSD jail, with its own dataset. The bot, internally, was almost the same script as before.

This worked because Europe is, in essence, two or three timezones across most of the countries I cared about.

Then I added Germany, and Germany taught me my first lesson about names.

There are several places called Neustadt in Germany. There is a Frankfurt am Main, and a Frankfurt an der Oder, and they are not the same city. There is a Halle in Saxony-Anhalt and a Halle in North Rhine-Westphalia. Asking Nominatim for "Frankfurt, Germany" produced one of the two, consistently, but not always the one I wanted. Some German users wrote to me, politely, to point out that the forecast for "their" Frankfurt was, in fact, for the other one.

I started thinking about disambiguation, but only enough to fix the immediate cases. The bot still took a single city name. The ambiguous ones I worked around by editing the cities file and hoping for the best.

In hindsight, this was the seed of what would happen later.

The United States broke every assumption the bot had grown up with.

The first problem was the number of cities. I wanted reasonable coverage at state level, which meant identifying the main cities for each of the fifty states. The list ended up at more than 1200 entries. That alone is more cities than every other country in the project combined.

The second problem was timezones. The contiguous United States covers four of them, and Alaska and Hawaii bring the total to six. A "current weather at 12:00" line generated at the same instant for New York and for Los Angeles is technically the same instant, but the two cities are living different parts of the day, and the forecast for "today" is not even quite the same window. A bot that pretended every city was on the same clock would be wrong, sometimes embarrassingly so, every single day.

The third problem was the name thing again, only larger. There are dozens of Springfields. There is a Portland in Oregon and a Portland in Maine. The Germany workaround - editing the cities file by hand and hoping Nominatim picked the right city - was clearly not going to scale to a country where the same name is also a state.

I sat with this for a couple of days before admitting what I already knew.

The bot needed to be rewritten.

What made this hard was not the rewriting itself. It was the requirement to do it without breaking everything else.

By the time I decided to add the United States, the infrastructure around the bot had grown into something I trusted. Jails, snapshots, backup jobs, cron schedules, snac instances on production paths, the HAProxy layer, the homepage cron that aggregated follower counts, and a long list of cities being processed in series every six hours. None of that knew or cared about the bot's internal shape. All of it cared, very much, about the bot's external behavior: a city name and a country code go in, valid markdown comes out, and that markdown ends up in a timeline.

So the contract was clear, even if I had never written it down anywhere. The command-line interface, the output format, the exit codes, the way the wrapper script invoked it, the structure of the JSON country configs - all of it had to keep working. Italian had to keep working. German had to keep working. The cron job that ran every six hours had to keep producing the same shape of output, just with new countries added.

What I changed was almost everything below the surface.

The city argument grew an optional __state suffix, with a double underscore as separator:

python3 main.py springfield__illinois us
python3 main.py springfield__massachusetts us
python3 main.py new_york__new_york us

I am skipping a lot of small detail here, but the principle was always the same: every new degree of freedom had to be expressible as an optional field in the config or as an optional CLI flag. If a country did not set the new field, the old behavior continued, identical to before.

I tested this by running the new bot against the old country configs and comparing the output line by line. Where it differed, it was a bug in the new bot. Not in the test.

The first cycle after deploying the rewrite was, for every country except the United States, indistinguishable from the cycle before. That was the point.

This is the part of the story I dislike telling, which is precisely why I should tell it.

At some point during the development, while debugging an Open-Meteo response that did not look right, I added a print statement to the error path that dumped the full request URL whenever something went wrong. The full URL of the Open-Meteo customer endpoint includes the apikey query parameter. The print was meant for development. I forgot to remove it.

I deployed.

The next time Open-Meteo had an outage - and small ones happen, sometimes for several minutes at a time - the bot dutifully printed the failing request URL into the post body. For every city. For every cycle that ran during the outage. The wrapper script piped the output into snac note_unlisted without complaint. The posts went out, federated across the Fediverse, with my API key sitting in the text for anyone who cared to read.

Some users were kind enough to write me and tell me. Others were less kind, and made fun of me. Both groups were correct. This should not have happened.

I reported the incident to the Open-Meteo team, who were extremely understanding. They rotated the key immediately and gave me a fresh one. I removed the debug print, and then I did the slightly more useful thing, which was to add redaction at multiple layers - in the bot's output, in the daemon's logging, and in the debug helpers themselves. URL query parameters that look like API keys are masked. Environment variables and config keys named apikey or OPEN_METEO_APIKEY are redacted before any string reaches stdout or a log file. Even JSON-like fields that include open_meteo_apikey are scrubbed if they ever appear in something the program prints.

The lesson is not "be more careful." The lesson is that debug paths leak, sooner or later, so the secrets have to be unreachable from the debug paths in the first place. Now they are.

That afternoon, when I realised what was happening, I closed everything for a minute and looked out of the window. Then I started fixing.

Nominatim is a public service, and it is generous, but it is not infinite. Every city in the project needs coordinates, and at the start of the project every cycle would re-ask Nominatim for every city. Most of the time this worked. Sometimes it did not.

There was one cycle, before I added caching, when Nominatim simply did not respond for one of my queries. The geopy call timed out. The bot raised an exception. The wrapper script gave up on that city and moved on to the next one. A few users noticed that a particular city had not received its forecast that day, and asked what had happened.

I added a coordinate cache, and I am still grateful that I did.

The cache is intentionally boring. The first time the bot resolves a city, it writes the latitude and longitude into a small file under /tmp, named after the city, and the state when present. Every subsequent run reads the file. If the file exists, no Nominatim call is made. If the file is missing, the bot calls Nominatim and writes the file. After the first successful lookup, the cache becomes the source of truth for the coordinates of that city.

This is lighter on Nominatim, faster for every cycle, and much more resilient against transient failures. It is also nice for a reason I did not anticipate.

Nominatim is a geocoder, and like every geocoder it has opinions.

I live in Ferrara, so when I added Italy I made sure Ferrara was in the list, and I checked the first cycle to make sure everything looked right. The forecast came out fine. The temperature was reasonable. The icon matched the sky outside my window. I closed the laptop and forgot about it.

Then, one evening months later, I looked more carefully at the coordinates Nominatim had returned for "Ferrara, Italy", and I realised they did not point to the city. They pointed to a location closer to the centroid of the province, which is a much larger area and mostly countryside. The forecast had been, on average, for a field somewhere outside town, not for the city center.

I am not entirely sure why I had not noticed earlier. Probably because the weather in Ferrara and the weather in the fields outside Ferrara is, on most days, indistinguishable to anyone who is not paying attention. But this is the kind of detail I do not want to leave wrong, especially for my own city.

There are other places where geocoding lands slightly off. Sometimes it is a few kilometers, sometimes a different neighborhood, sometimes genuinely the wrong place.

Because the cache is just a file per city, the fix is also just a file per city. I open the cache file, replace the latitude and longitude with the correct values, save. The next cycle uses the corrected coordinates. No code change, no redeploy, no special tooling. I keep a small list of patched cities in a separate text file, so that if I ever rebuild the cache, I do not lose the manual corrections.

This is the kind of operational simplicity I like. A cache made of plain files costs almost nothing and quietly pays back every time a small problem appears.

For every report it generates, the bot also writes a simplified English text snapshot to /tmp/.txt, or /tmp/__.txt when there is a state.

This is intentional, and it is not a debug artifact. I am not ready to say what I am doing with it yet, but it is part of a future direction for the project. Text is a useful intermediate format, and having a clean, language-neutral representation of every forecast sitting on disk costs almost nothing and might be worth a great deal later.

I prefer to let ideas mature in private before I commit to them in public. So I will leave it at this for the moment.

A full cycle for the United States takes hours.

It is not because the work is heavy. It is because I deliberately inserted a small sleep between cities, to give snac time to dispatch the previous post before the next one is generated. With more than 1200 cities in series, even a short pause adds up. I am not in a hurry. Forecasts that arrive a few minutes apart from each other are not a problem, and the bot was already a polite citizen elsewhere. A polite cycle is fine.

The problem with a slow cycle is not the duration. The problem is what happens to it.

In the original design, the cycle was launched by cron. Every six hours, cron called the wrapper script, the wrapper iterated through the cities file, and for each city it ran the bot and piped the output into snac. There was no scheduler in the project at all. Cron was the scheduler. The wrapper was just a loop.

Restarting snac was harmless. The wrapper would call snac note_unlisted per city, and if snac happened to be unavailable for a moment, that single call might fail, but the loop kept moving and snac was usually back within seconds. Snac itself was not what held the cycle together.

What held the cycle together was the wrapper process. And the wrapper process lived inside the jail.

If the FreeBSD jail was restarted while the wrapper was running, the loop stopped wherever it happened to be. The cron schedule did not care. Six hours later, the next cron tick started a new cycle from the first city, and the cities that had been about to be processed at the moment of the restart were simply skipped for that window. For the United States, this could mean several hundred cities going without an update.

There was a worse case, and it took me longer than it should have to recognise it. If the host was rebooting exactly in the minute when cron should have fired, cron simply did not fire. There was no daemon waiting to pick up the missed tick. The cycle never even started. Six hours of forecasts would be lost, in silence, with nothing in any log to suggest anything had gone wrong.

I lived with this for a long time. Reboots were rare, the impact was limited, and adding state was the kind of thing I always meant to do "next week."

What finally changed it was not a dramatic incident. It was the slow accumulation of small ones. A scheduled VPS reboot. A jail restart after an upgrade. Each one on its own was nothing. Together, they were a steady drip of missed cycles.

So I wrote a daemon.

The crontab entries for the bot went away. There is now a long-running process inside the jail, started at boot, and it does the scheduling itself. The schedule is a list of hours and a minute, read from a JSON config. The daemon wakes up once a minute, checks whether it is time to start a cycle, and either starts one or waits.

The interesting part is the state file.

As the daemon walks through the cities file, it writes its position to a small JSON file: which cities file it is processing, and the index of the next city to handle. The write happens at the boundary between one city and the next, because that is the only place where resuming makes sense. If the daemon is interrupted mid-city, that city is retried on resume; no half-finished post escapes.

When the daemon starts, it reads the state file. If it finds one matching the current cities file, it resumes from the saved index. If the cities file has changed since the state was written, the daemon starts fresh. The check is deliberately conservative: a renamed or modified cities file is treated as a different cycle, because the indices would otherwise be meaningless.

The result is the behavior I should have had from the start. If the host reboots while the United States cycle is running, the daemon comes back up with the jail, reads the state, and continues from where it left off. Every city still gets its update, just with a small gap corresponding to the reboot itself. The cycle finishes. The state file is reset. Life goes on.

And the worst case from the cron days is gone. The daemon does not need anyone to fire it. As long as the jail is running, the daemon is running, and the next scheduled cycle will happen when its hour comes, regardless of what was happening at any specific minute.

Of all the changes I have made to the project, this is the one I like most. It is not exciting work. It is the kind of thing that earns no applause because, when it works, it produces no visible event. But it removes a whole class of small daily annoyances, and it makes a slow process robust against the boring kind of failure: the kind nobody plans for, but that always eventually happens.

The current bot does considerably more than the original Italian script. It handles per-city timezones, three weather providers with automatic fallback, unit conversion for temperature, wind, and precipitation, optional air quality, pressure trend indicators when the provider supplies pressure data, a simplified English text snapshot for future use, a coordinate cache that can be patched by hand, secret redaction at multiple layers, a heartbeat that adapts to whichever HTTP client is installed on the host, and a scheduler-and-resume daemon that survives reboots.

But from the outside, almost nothing has changed.

The European country configs work the same way they always did. The wrapper scripts are unchanged. The snac integration is the same one-line pipe. The HAProxy layer in front does not know or care that the bot was rewritten. The homepage cron that counts followers and regenerates the static page works exactly as before.

The original Italian script does not exist as a file anymore, but it survives as a default. A country config with timezone set to Europe/Rome and no special options behaves, today, exactly as the first version of the bot would have. Everything else is opt-in.

I like this kind of work.

https://it-notes.dragas.net/2026/05/25/fedimeteo-timezones-and-the-art-of-not-breaking-what-already-works/

#ITNotes #NoteHUB #fedimeteo #fediverse #jail #networking #ownyourdata #server #snac #snac2 #social #web

@df I love this idea and the software. I'm a great supporter of #snac exactly for the same reason. You don't need beefy hardware to have your own Fediverse home.
Starling is a nice because it can be used without setting up a proper server - just a php installation and a domain.

I'll keep this testing instance on and continue to test it with MastoBlaster.

I wish more modern software was like #snac2 (:

CC: @grunfink@comam.es

This is a major release that merges several different development branches I've been working on, bringing together a lot of moving parts into a single build. A long, sleepless night…

Here is what changed:

• Full Drafts Support: A complete end-to-end draft flow. It includes auto-save, the ability to edit existing drafts, and a smart cancel confirmation that either discards a new draft or restores the original state if you were editing. It supports replies, quotes, polls, and media metadata.

• Trending Posts: Added a new trending timeline type with proper offset pagination support.

• Timeline Position Improvements: Added extra protection to stop SwiftUI from overwriting your saved scroll position when the view disappears or goes to the background. If a saved post can't be found in the cache, the app will now try a direct status fetch before giving up.

• UI & Navigation Fixes: Tapping Content Warnings (CW), "Show Filtered Post", or "Show More" now goes through an inline-action guard, fixing the bug where tapping them would accidentally trigger row navigation into the thread. Filtered posts also get proper bottom padding so the list separator doesn't sit on top of the button.

• Instance Compatibility & Tweaks: Added customizable timeout settings for slower instances (like snac on older hardware). I also fixed the 405 error when setting alt text on GoToSocial, and updated marker sync to strictly align with Mastodon’s documented form shape.

• Testing focus: I've implemented search fixes ensuring queries stay locked to the account you are searching from. If you are on GoToSocial, please test this thoroughly and let me know how it behaves. Since this build is the result of a massive merge, keep an eye out for any regressions.

It is my 3rd month of running #snac #snac2 instance. I wanted to share a few words about how awesome this software is.

Few points that make snac icredibly good for my usecase are:

• No database needed - means easy migration for me


• No javascript - not a big fan of JS


• No cookies - so users are not tracked


• It only stores locally data about users on the local instance it doesnt download stuff from instances it federates with


• Extremely low resource usage

After 3 month of posting (2 active users and 3 semi active users) my data dir is ~500MB and memory usage is ~200MB
it means i can keep running it on my infrastructure without even thinking too much about load

@grunfink@comam.es thanks for such a awesome piece of software 🩷🩷🩷

Coming next week: a post about the FediMeteo bot, how it works, how it has evolved, and the overall structure of jails. The following week: caching the BSD Cafe Mastodon instances on nginx.

Stay tuned on ITNotes!

#ITNotes #haproxy #nginx #FreeBSD #Mastodon #snac

Also, I think it's important to remember that #snac also allows following hashtags by those RSS feeds provided by several Fediverse implementations (like Mastodon), avoiding the need of subscribing to a relay. E.g., you can add https://mastodon.social/tags/snac to the followed hashtags field, and it will periodically poll that RSS from the big instance and add to your timeline those posts tagged with #snac.

CC: @astro@c3d2.social

The usual solution is to use an ActivityPub relay. This, however, resulted in receiving looots of posts, hitting file size and inode limits on this small VM. Thus, I gave up this experiment a while ago.

Now, I just stumbled about https://relay.fedi.buzz/ from @astro@c3d2.social, which allows to only follow certain hashtags, which is kinda exactly what I wanted ❤️

After following the Subscribing to Fediverse Relays section from snac(8), I came up with the following jq(1) command to subscribe each hashtag I am already following on my #snac instance. And yes, this would be way faster to do by hand for those six hashtags in total.

$ # Create multiple snac follow commands for each hashtag the "xz"
$ # user follows. The "data" directory is the $SNAC_BASEDIR.
$ jq -j \
  '.followed_hashtags.[] | "snac follow data relay https://relay.fedi.buzz/tag/",.[1:],"; "' \
  < data/user/xz/user.json
snac follow data relay https://relay.fedi.buzz/tag/openbsd; snac follow data relay https://relay.fedi.buzz/tag/snac; [ . . . ]

Finally, I am able to doomscroll #biketooter for weird and ridiculously expensive bikes from my instance; yay!

@Black_Flag @khleedril @veronica

We popularize #snac and #gotosocial for the individual, easy to deploy, diy freedom.
Friends not techies? Help 'em out and lend them an account. We need eachother more than ever these days.

Does anyone’s else use #takesama as client? it works pretty well with this #mastodon instance and #snac

But, you can have snac running from a subdirectory of your main domain (which, as far as I know, no other fediverse implementation does). I.e. you can have your snac root in example.com/social and then you can identify as you@example.com . So you have no unnecessary subdomain just to be you.

Which is what I do for this very domain.

CC: @mms@bsd.cafe

#snac doesn't support split domains ;-(

I was *so* close.

#FediMeteo #FediMeteoAnnouncements #FediMeteoUpdates #snac #snac2

Addendum: I also just learned about using the setgid bit on a directory. That was used, too. Cool! https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/Directory-Setuid-and-Setgid.html

It took two years for me to realise that Snac has the ability to show replies.

The obscure hamburger (⋯) in the footer area does not present a pointing finger cursor when pointed at.

If you click whilst the I-beam cursor (⌶) is visible, replies appear.

#Snac #UX

Alt...

Screenshot: an I-beam cursor (⌶) over the obscure hamburger (⋯) above the last line of the footer in Snac.

When I wrote about FediMeteo (https://it-notes.dragas.net/2025/02/26/fedimeteo-how-a-tiny-freebsd-vps-became-a-global-weather-service-for-thousands/) for the first time, I told the story from the beginning: the idea born almost by chance while checking the weather for a holiday, the memory of my grandfather, who for years had been my personal meteorologist, the decision to build something small and useful, and then the surprise of seeing people actually use it. What began as a personal experiment quickly became a small global service, still running with the same philosophy: FreeBSD, jails, simple scripts, snac, text, emoji, and a lot of small pieces doing their work quietly.

That article was mostly about the birth and growth of the project. This one is about one of the less romantic parts of the same story, although I have to admit that I find a certain beauty in it too: keeping the service light as it grows.

FediMeteo (https://fedimeteo.com) is still intentionally simple from the outside. A homepage, some numbers, a list of countries, and many ActivityPub accounts publishing weather forecasts. The posts are text and emoji. There is no JavaScript requirement to read the pages, no heavy frontend, no unnecessary media attached to every forecast, and no dynamic homepage recalculated at every visit just to show the same numbers. This is not accidental. It is the way I wanted the service to behave from the beginning.

But the more the service is used, the more the small details matter. A request that looks harmless when there are ten followers may become a repeated request when there are thousands of followers, remote instances, crawlers, previews, and other servers fetching the same public objects. In the Fediverse, the same small thing can be asked many times by many different places, each one with a perfectly legitimate reason. The backend doesn't care: it just needs to deal with the requests.

And in FediMeteo, the backend is snac (https://codeberg.org/grunfink/snac2).

I like snac very much precisely because it is small, clear, and efficient. It is not a giant application that tries to be everything. It does a focused job and does it well. But this also means that I want to respect its shape. I do not want to waste its threads on work that the reverse proxy can safely do. A snac thread serving the same public avatar again and again is not a tragedy, but it is still a waste. A snac thread answering the same public ActivityPub object several times in the same minute is doing real work, but often not necessary work.

This is the reason behind the HAProxy (https://www.haproxy.org) tuning I am currently using in front of FediMeteo.

It is not about making the configuration look clever. It is about keeping snac quiet.

A continuation of the same idea

This is especially important because snac uses a limited number of threads. I like that. Limits are healthy. They force us to understand what the service is doing, and they prevent a small program from pretending to be an infinite resource. But limits also make waste visible. If a few threads are busy serving files that could have been served from cache, those threads are not available for something more useful.

With FediMeteo the implementation is different because the reverse proxy is HAProxy, but the reasoning is the same. I have many small snac instances, each one in its own FreeBSD (Bastille (https://github.com/BastilleBSD/bastille)) jail, and one public entry point that has to route, terminate TLS, compress, cache, and generally remove as much repetitive work as possible from the backends.

This is, in a way, the natural continuation of the original FediMeteo design. In the first article I wrote that I wanted to manage everything according to the Unix philosophy: small pieces working together. This is another piece of that same puzzle. HAProxy does the edge work. snac does the ActivityPub work. Scripts generate forecasts. cron launches updates. ZFS gives me snapshots. FreeBSD jails keep countries separated. Nothing is particularly heroic by itself, but the whole system becomes pleasant because each part has a clear responsibility.

Why there is almost no media

FediMeteo does not use media in its forecasts.

No images attached to the posts, no generated weather cards, no maps for each city, no decorative banners. The forecasts are text and emoji. This was a deliberate decision. Weather information does not become more useful just because it is put inside an image, and every media file used by the service would become something to store, serve, cache, federate, expire, back up, and occasionally debug.

Text and emoji are enough. They are accessible, light, readable in text browsers, friendly to timelines, and understandable even when someone does not know the local language perfectly. This was one of the original design principles of FediMeteo, and it also helps the infrastructure. Less media means less work, fewer cache entries, fewer repeated fetches, fewer surprises.

There is one exception: the avatar.

All FediMeteo accounts use the same avatar, and this is also intentional. I could have used a different avatar for each country, or for each city, or created something visually richer. It would have been nicer in some screenshots, perhaps. It would also have been operationally worse.

With one shared avatar, the reverse proxy has one very useful object to cache. It is public, identical for everyone, small, requested often, and therefore almost always hot in cache. HAProxy can serve it directly instead of asking each snac instance to return the same file. Since avatars are requested by remote instances, browsers, profile previews, and all sorts of federation-related fetches, this single decision removes a surprising amount of pointless backend traffic.

So the avatar is not only a visual identity. It is part of the architecture.

This is the kind of optimization I like most, because it starts before the software. It starts with deciding not to create a problem.

The homepage is static because it can be static

It is a static HTML page generated from a template. Once per hour, a cron script updates the numbers and statistics. It counts the data I want to show, regenerates the page, and then the page remains static until the next run.

This is not because I cannot make a dynamic page. It is because I do not need one. Boring is good.

The homepage does not need to query all the country instances on every visit. It does not need a database request for each user who opens it. It does not need to ask snac anything in real time. The numbers are useful, but they do not need to be updated every second. Once per hour is enough, and it also fits the spirit of the whole project: do the work when it is needed, then serve the result cheaply.

I have seen too many small services become heavy because the first implementation was convenient rather than appropriate. A cron job and a template are not fashionable, but they are often exactly what a page like this needs.

Many countries, one entry point

fedimeteo.com
www.fedimeteo.com
it.fedimeteo.com
uk.fedimeteo.com
jp.fedimeteo.com
us.fedimeteo.com
usa.fedimeteo.com
can.fedimeteo.com
canada.fedimeteo.com

At the beginning, it is always tempting to write one ACL after another in the HAProxy frontend. It is quick, it is explicit, and for five hostnames it is perfectly fine. But FediMeteo did not remain at five hostnames. As countries and aliases grew, a long chain of ACLs would have turned the frontend into a list of names instead of a description of how the proxy behaves.

So I moved the hostname to backend mapping into a map file:

fedimeteo.com        backend_fedimeteo
www.fedimeteo.com    backend_fedimeteo
it.fedimeteo.com     backend_it
uk.fedimeteo.com     backend_uk
jp.fedimeteo.com     backend_jp
us.fedimeteo.com     backend_us
usa.fedimeteo.com    backend_us
can.fedimeteo.com    backend_ca
canada.fedimeteo.com backend_ca

use_backend %[req.hdr(host),field(1,:),lower,map(/usr/local/etc/fedimeteo.map,backend_fedimeteo)]

I like this because it keeps the configuration honest. The frontend contains the policy. The map contains the data. Adding a country means adding an entry to the map and defining a backend. I do not need to make the frontend more complicated every time the service grows.

Backends as small compartments

backend backend_it
    mode http
    http-reuse safe
    server srv1 10.0.0.2:8001 maxconn 30
backend backend_uk
    mode http
    http-reuse safe
    server srv1 10.0.0.7:8001 maxconn 30
backend backend_jp
    mode http
    http-reuse safe
    server srv1 10.0.0.32:8001 maxconn 30

The maxconn 30 value is not a magic number. It is a ceiling. I want each small backend to have a visible limit in front of it. If something starts hammering a country instance, I prefer the pressure to appear at the HAProxy layer instead of becoming unlimited concurrent work inside snac.

http-reuse safe lets HAProxy reuse backend connections where appropriate. This is another small reduction in unnecessary work. Opening connections repeatedly is not the biggest problem in the world, but avoiding it is still better, especially when many small services sit behind the same proxy.

The front door

frontend https_in
    bind :::443 v4v6 ssl crt /usr/local/etc/certs/ alpn h2,http/1.1
    mode http
    option http-keep-alive

ssl-default-bind-ciphersuites TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
ssl-default-bind-options no-sslv3 no-tlsv10 no-tlsv11 no-tls-tickets

acl letsencrypt-acl path_beg /.well-known/acme-challenge/
http-request redirect scheme https code 301 unless letsencrypt-acl
use_backend letsencrypt-backend if letsencrypt-acl

http-request set-header X-Real-IP %[src]
http-request set-header X-Forwarded-Proto https

http-response set-header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

Two caches, because the requests are different

cache mediacache
  total-max-size 128
  max-object-size 10000000
  max-age 3600
  process-vary on
  max-secondary-entries 12
cache jsoncache
  total-max-size 16
  max-object-size 1000000
  max-age 60
  process-vary on
  max-secondary-entries 12

The media cache is larger and has a longer maximum age. In FediMeteo, this mostly means the shared avatar and a few static-looking objects. Since there is intentionally almost no media, the important cached object is requested very often and remains warm.

The JSON cache is smaller and short-lived. It is there for public ActivityPub GET requests, not to store federation state forever. A 60 second cache is enough to collapse many repeated requests that arrive close together in time, without pretending that ActivityPub responses should be treated like immutable files.

This distinction is important. Caching is not one decision. It is a set of small decisions about what a response means, who can see it, how often it changes, and what happens if it is served again.

Recognizing media

acl is_media path_end -i .jpg .jpeg .png .gif .webp .svg .ico .mp4 .webm .mp3 .ogg .wav .flac .mov .avi .mkv .m4v

http-request set-var(txn.is_media) bool(true) if is_media

http-request cache-use mediacache if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }

http-response set-header Cache-Control "max-age=3600, public" if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }
http-response del-header Set-Cookie if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }
http-response del-header Vary if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }
http-response cache-store mediacache if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }

This is aggressive only if removed from its context. In this service, with this media policy, it is a reasonable choice. FediMeteo is not serving private media under these paths. It is mostly serving the same public avatar over and over.

For the same reason, I clean the request before it reaches the backend:

http-request del-header Authorization if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }
http-request del-header Cookie        if { var(txn.is_media) -m bool true }

The result is exactly what I want: the shared avatar becomes an almost perfect cache object. Small, public, repeatedly requested, and served by HAProxy instead of snac.

ActivityPub JSON microcaching

acl is_ap_json   req.hdr(Accept),lower -m sub application/activity+json
acl is_ap_ldjson req.hdr(Accept),lower -m sub application/ld+json
acl is_outbox    path_end /outbox
acl is_get       method GET
acl has_auth     req.hdr(Authorization) -m found
acl has_cookie   req.hdr(Cookie) -m found

So I only mark public ActivityPub GET requests as cacheable:

http-request set-var(txn.is_activitypub) bool(true) if is_get !is_outbox is_ap_json !has_auth !has_cookie
http-request set-var(txn.is_activitypub) bool(true) if is_get !is_outbox is_ap_ldjson !has_auth !has_cookie

It must be a GET, because I am not caching deliveries or anything that changes state. It must not be /outbox, because outbox collections are not the traffic I want to cache here. It must not have Authorization, and it must not have cookies, because authenticated or user-specific requests do not belong in a shared public cache.

Then the cache can be used and populated:

http-request cache-use jsoncache if { var(txn.is_activitypub) -m bool true }
http-response set-header Cache-Control "max-age=60, public" if { var(txn.is_activitypub) -m bool true }
http-response cache-store jsoncache if { var(txn.is_activitypub) -m bool true }

This is microcaching in the most practical sense. It reduces repeated work without changing the nature of the service.

Static media paths

acl is_short_path path_reg ^/[^/]+/s/
http-request cache-use mediacache if is_short_path

In FediMeteo this is less central than on a normal social instance, because I deliberately do not use media except for the avatar and basic static objects. Still, the rule fits the general policy: let HAProxy handle repeatable edge work, and let snac spend its threads where they are actually needed.

Vary, but not without limits

process-vary on
max-secondary-entries 12

For media, I remove Vary before storing the response. A shared avatar does not need to vary by Accept. For ActivityPub JSON, I am more careful because the representation matters.

Again, the important thing is not the number itself. It is the decision to make variation explicit and limited.

Seeing whether it works

http-response set-header X-Cache-Status HIT if !{ srv_id -m found }
http-response set-header X-Cache-Status MISS if { srv_id -m found }

Did this request reach snac?

A test can be as simple as:

curl -I https://it.fedimeteo.com/path/to/avatar.png
curl -I https://it.fedimeteo.com/path/to/avatar.png

For ActivityPub JSON, the test must use the right Accept header:

curl -I \
  -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' \
  https://it.fedimeteo.com/some/activitypub/object

curl -I \
  -H 'Cookie: test=value' \
  -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' \
  https://it.fedimeteo.com/some/activitypub/object
curl -I \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer fake' \
  -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' \
  https://it.fedimeteo.com/some/activitypub/object

Compression and operational paths

filter compression
compression algo gzip
compression type text/css text/html text/javascript application/javascript text/plain text/xml application/json application/activity+json

There is also a local Prometheus exporter:

frontend prometheus
  bind 127.0.0.1:8405
  mode http
  http-request use-service prometheus-exporter
  no log

What this changes in practice

The map keeps hostname routing manageable. The backend definitions keep each country isolated and limited. The static homepage avoids dynamic work for something that changes once per hour. The shared avatar gives HAProxy one very hot media object to serve directly. The media cache keeps public files away from snac. The JSON microcache absorbs short ActivityPub bursts. Header cleanup prevents useless variation. Connection reuse avoids unnecessary backend connection churn.

But all of this is only a longer way of saying one thing:

fewer requests reach snac.

That is the metric I care about here.

Not because snac is slow. If anything, FediMeteo exists in its current form because snac is efficient enough to make this kind of project possible on a very small VPS. But precisely because the whole architecture is small and pleasant, I do not want to waste resources where there is no need.

This is also consistent with the rest of the project. Forecasts are serialized by scripts. Updates happen every six hours. The homepage is regenerated hourly. Countries live in separate jails. Snapshots and backups are handled outside the application. No single component tries to be the entire system.

HAProxy is just another small piece, but it sits in the right place to remove a lot of repeated work.

Caveats

It matches FediMeteo as it is now: almost no media, one shared avatar, static homepage, public forecasts, many small snac instances, and ActivityPub traffic that can benefit from a short public cache when there are no cookies or authorization headers.

If I decide one day to use media in forecasts, the media cache rules will need to be reviewed. If I use different avatars for each city or country, the cache will still work, but I will lose the very nice property of one shared, always-hot avatar. If ActivityPub responses become actor-dependent, public JSON caching must be reconsidered. If one country grows a very different traffic pattern from the others, it may deserve a different limit or policy.

This is why I do not like presenting configurations as magic. A good configuration is a written form of the assumptions behind a service. When the assumptions change, the configuration must change too.

Conclusion

The HAProxy layer follows this idea. It terminates TLS, routes hostnames through a map, reuses backend connections, serves the shared avatar from cache, microcaches public ActivityPub JSON, avoids authenticated and cookie-based traffic, and gives me a small diagnostic header to see what is happening.

There is no single brilliant directive here. There is only the usual work of matching infrastructure to reality.

FediMeteo publishes weather forecasts as text and emoji. The homepage is static HTML updated every hour. The accounts share the same avatar because it is enough, and because it is better for the cache. Each country has its own snac instance in its own FreeBSD jail. HAProxy stands in front of them and tries, quietly, not to bother them unless it has to.

I like this kind of infrastructure.

Not because it is invisible, but because when it works well, it leaves very little to say.

https://it-notes.dragas.net/2026/05/18/fedimeteo-haproxy-and-the-art-of-not-wasting-snac-threads/

#ITNotes #NoteHUB #fediverse #freebsd #haproxy #hosting #jail #networking #ownyourdata #server #snac #snac2 #social #web

#FediMeteoUpdates #FediMeteoAnnouncements

#snac2 #fediverse #frugalfediverse

Changed default: for newly created instances, disable_inbox_collection is set to true (see snac(8) for more information). The reason is because it seems to be used for harrasing people.

Changed default: for newly created instances, disable_history is set to true (see snac(8) for more information). The reason is because archived history files don't reflect reality after posts are deleted or modified (they always have been an ugly kludge).

Changed default: in previous versions, posts with a scope of unlisted were shown in public pages and RSS feeds. Now, they are no longer shown. If you want to get back to previous behaviour, use a new toggle in the User Settings section (see snac(1) for more information).

New admin configuration option: if the purge_static value is set to true in server.json, each user's static directory is explored and those files there that are no longer attached to any post or referenced anywhere are deleted. See snac(8) for more information about those cases where you may not want to enable this option.

Allow serving files from subdirectories of the static/ subdirectory (contributed by la_ninpre).

Minor tweak to webfinger code to handle Hubzilla's peculiarities.

Fixed a search case where URLs to GotoSocial statuses were misidentified as accounts.

Accounts that follow you are now marked with a thumb-up emoji, because followers are adorable people.

Fixed some account export errors.

Fixed an incorrect hash in post links.

Show an account's location link in the people page, if they have one.

Mastodon API: Fixed hashtags loosing the link after editing a post, minor tweak in access token processing (contributed by trondd555).

Drop usage of PATH_MAX (contributed by sergiodj).

New Polish translation (contributed by kpm).

Updated German and Czech translations (contributed by zen and pmjv).

https://comam.es/what-is-snac

If you find #snac useful, please consider buying grunfink a coffee or contributing via LiberaPay.

#snacAnnounces #FrugalFediverse

Hashtag following also allow URLs to RSS feeds of ActivityPub objects (like e.g. https://mastodon.social/tags/ThankYouTuesday).

Users can now configure a webhook to receive an HTTP POST for every notification. This can be useful for implementing bots that react to activities, like autorepliers, chatbots or interactive textual games (see snac(1) for more information).

The number of pending follow confirmations is shown next to the "people" link.

Faster performance metrics (contributed by dandelions).

Improved lowercasing in hashtags (contributed by postscriptum).

A search-by-url tweak for implementations that return 200 for invalid webfinger queries (e.g. piefed).

Mastodon API: added follow confirmation endpoints, fixed collisions in attachment file names.

Fixed potential crashes in attachment uploads.

https://comam.es/what-is-snac

If you find #snac useful, please consider buying grunfink a coffee or contributing via LiberaPay.

#snacAnnounces #FrugalFediverse

Notifications are now shown in a more compact way (i.e. all reactions are shown just above your post, instead of repeating the post ad nauseam for every reaction).

New command-line option unmute to, well, no-longer-mute an actor.

The private timeline now includes an approximate mark between new posts and "already seen" ones.

Fixed a spurious 404 error in the instance root URL for some configurations.

https://comam.es/what-is-snac

If you find #snac useful, please consider contributing via LiberaPay: https://liberapay.com/grunfink/

#snacAnnounces

This release has been inspired by the song The Answers to the Questions by #Christabell and #DavidLynch.

https://it-notes.dragas.net/2025/01/29/improving-snac-performance-with-nginx-proxy-cache/